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Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli
The Lakshimi Devi temple is located in Doddagaddavalli, a village in Hassan District of Karnataka state, India. It is located 16 km from the district capital Hassan and lies on the Hassan city - Belur highway. The Lakshmi Devi temple, was built by the Hoysala Empire King Vishnuvardhana in 1114 C.E.
==Architecture==
The Lakshmi Devi Temple is one of the earliest known temples built in the Hoysala style. The building material is Chloritic schist, more commonly known as soapstone.〔Quote:"An idiom common to Western Chalukyas as well", Kamath (2001), p.136. Quote:"The Western Chalukya carvings were done on green schist (Soapstone). This technique was adopted by the Hoysalas", ''Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', Takeo Kamiya〕 The temple does not stand on a ''jagati'' (platform), a feature which became popular in later Hoysala temples.〔Quote:"The ''jagati'' is a Hoysala innovation", 〕 The temple was commissioned by a merchant called Kullahana Rahuta and his wife Sahaja Devi. The temple is a unique ''chatuskuta'' construction (four shrines and towers)〔Quote:"Most Hoysala temples are ''ekakuta'' (one tower), ''dvikuta'' (two towers) or ''trikuta'' (three towers)", Foekema (1996), p.25〕 built inside a stone wall enclosure with the entrance through a porch whose roof is supported by circular lathe-turned pillars.〔Quote:"The lathe turned pillars are a common feature of Western Chalukya-Hoysala temples", Kamath (2001), p.117〕 Three of the ''vimanas'' (shrines) have a common square ''mantapa'' (hall) with nine "bays" or compartments.〔Quote:"A bay is a square or rectangular compartment in the hall", Foekema (1996), p.93〕 The fourth ''vimana'' is connected to the ''mantapa'' via an oblong extension consisting of two "bays". The extension has two lateral entrances into the temple. All the ''vimanas'' have their original tower (superstructure) intact. The towers are in Kadamba ''nagara'' style.〔Quote:"The most prominent feature of the Kadamba architecture is their Shikhara called Kadamba Shikhara. The Shikhara is pyramid shaped and rises in steps without any decoration with a apex called ''stupika'' or ''kalasa'' at the top, Kamath (2001), p.38 . Quote:"This type of tower is common throughout Karnataka and is also called a ''Pamasana'', Foekema (1996), p.58〕 Each ''vimana'' has a vestibule connecting it to the central ''mantapa''. On top of the vestibule is its own tower called ''sukanasi'' (or "nose" because it looks like low extension of the main tower over the shrine). The ''sukanasi'' is a tier lower than the main tower over the shrine. All the four ''sukanasi'' are intact and so are the ''kalasha'' (decorative water pot like structure) on top of the main towers.〔Quote:"The ''kalasa'' is a water pot like structure that forms the highest point of the tower", Foekema (1996), p.27〕 The Hoysala emblem (the sculpture of a legendary warrior "Sala" fighting a lion) is mounted atop one of the ''Sukanasi''. Of the four towers, three are undecorated and they look stepped pyramidal with a pile of dented horizontal mouldings with the ''kalasa'' on top. The fourth tower is very well decorated (which is typical of Hoysala designs) and this is the tower of the main shrine that houses the Lakshmi Devi image.〔
The ''mantapa'' is open and square. The reason for the square plan is the presence of shrines on all four sides of the ''mantapa'' with no side open for "staggering".〔Quote:"The open ''mantapa'' of Hoysala temples are generally in a staggered square pan, called a cross in square", Foekema (1996), p.22〕 There is a separate fifth shrine of Bhairava, an avatar of the Hindu god Shiva. The shrine is complete with its own ''vimana'' and tower with a ''kalasa'' on top, a ''sukanasi'' with a Hoysala emblem on it. Another unusual feature of the temple is the existence of four more minor shrines at each corner of the temple complex with two sides of each shrine attached to the courtyard wall. Each of these minor shrines has its own tower, ''kalasa'' and Hoysala emblem.〔Quote:"The Hoysala emblem depicts the legendary warrior "Sala", the mythical founder of the empire, fighting a Lion", C. Hayavadhana Rao, J. D. M. Derrett, B. R Joshi in Kamath (2001), p.123; 〕 In all, the temple complex has nine towers which is unusual for a Hoysala temple.
According to art critic Gerard Foekema, overall the temple has the "older style", where there is only one eaves running round the temple where the main towers meet the wall of the shrine.〔Quote:"An eaves is a projecting roof overhanging the wall", Foekema (1996), p.93〕 At the base of the wall of the shrines are five moldings, a standard in the "old style" of Hoysala architecture; between the moldings and the eaves, the usual panels of Hoysala sculptures depicting Hindu gods, goddesses and their attendants is however missing. Instead, the entire space is taken up by decorative miniature towers on pilasters (called Aedicula). The ceiling of the main hall is supported by eighteen lathe-turned pillars. Inside the main hall, there are two sculptures of large demonic living corpses called ''betala''. The main shrine facing east has a image of the goddess Lakshmi with an attendant on either side. The image holds a conch in the upper right hand, a ''chakra'' (discuss) in the upper left, a rosary in the lower right and a mace in the lower left. In the shrines facing north, south and west respectively are the images of Kali (a form of Durga), the god Vishnu, and ''Boothanatha'' Linga (the universal symbol of the god Shiva). A sculpture of ''Tandaveswara'' (dancing Shiva) exists in the circular panel at the center of the ceiling of the ''mantapa''. Other important sculptures are those of ''Gajalakshmi'' (form of Lakshmi with elephants on either side), Tandaveshwara and Yoganarasimha (form of Vishnu) found on the doorway of the temple.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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